{"id":2385,"date":"2021-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-12T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/?p=2385"},"modified":"2021-12-13T15:52:25","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T15:52:25","slug":"when-to-use-and-not-use-whom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/","title":{"rendered":"When to Use (And Not Use) \"Whom\""},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#Rule_1_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_in_%E2%80%9CTo_Whom_It_May_Concern%E2%80%9D\" >Rule #1: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; in &#8220;To Whom It May Concern&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#Rule_2_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_in_Phrases_like_%E2%80%9CSome_of_Whom%E2%80%9D\" >Rule #2: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; in Phrases like &#8220;Some of Whom&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#Rule_3_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_As_the_Object_of_a_Preposition_Optional\" >Rule #3: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; As the Object of a Preposition (Optional)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#Rule_4_When_in_Doubt_Use_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\" >Rule #4: When in Doubt, Use &#8220;Who&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#Rule_5_Dont_Think_of_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_as_Formal_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\" >Rule #5: Don&#8217;t Think of &#8220;Whom&#8221; as Formal &#8220;Who&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/#%F0%9F%91%8B_Thats_It_For_Now\" >\ud83d\udc4b That&#8217;s It For Now<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>English learners often don't know how to use the word \"whom.\" After all, the rules they learned about it in class don't seem to apply to the real world! So below is a new set of rules to explain how \"whom\" is (and isn't) used in modern English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rule_1_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_in_%E2%80%9CTo_Whom_It_May_Concern%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Rule #1: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; in &#8220;To Whom It May C<mdspan datatext=\"el1639403779663\" class=\"mdspan-comment\">oncern&#8221;<\/mdspan><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In modern English, it is often acceptable to use \"who\" instead of \"whom.\" However, in the formal greeting \"to whom it may concern,\" \"whom\" is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can explain that this is a formal greeting used in emails and letters to people you don't know. For example, job applicants might start a cover letter with \u201cTo whom it may concern\" because they don't know who will review it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rule_2_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_in_Phrases_like_%E2%80%9CSome_of_Whom%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Rule #2: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; in Phrases like &#8220;Some of Whom&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another case where it would be odd to use \"who\" is in phrases like \"some of whom,\" \"many of whom,\" and \"few of whom.\" In fact,\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lexico.com\/grammar\/who-or-whom#:~:text=Obligatory%20whom,Avoid\" target=\"_blank\">Lexico.com<\/a> calls this the \u201cobligatory whom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c... of whom\u201d is also quite common in informal speech. For example, we searched through the TV Corpus (which includes TV show scripts from six English-speaking countries) and found nearly 1200 instances of \u201cof whom,\u201d most of which come after a quantity-related word. Here are two examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>I have three sons,&nbsp;<strong>each of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;is the center of his own universe. (<em>Home Improvement<\/em>)<\/li><li>He just wants to do a good job, unlike these two,&nbsp;<strong>one of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;forgot to wear shoes. (<em>Man Up!<\/em>)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If your student wants to familiarize themselves with these usage of \"whom,\" tell them to pay attention to it in <a href=\"http:\/\/engoo.com\/app\/daily-news\">Daily News<\/a>. For example, here are four examples we found:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A study on video games \u201clooked at 3,274 people,&nbsp;<strong>all of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;were over 18 years old.\u201d<\/li><li>\u201cThe Faroe Islands are home to 50,000 people,&nbsp;<strong>most of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;live in Torshavn, the capital city.\u201d<\/li><li>A giraffe named \u201cForest\u201d is \u201cmuch taller than the two other giraffes at the zoo,&nbsp;<strong>both of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;are female.\u201d<\/li><li>A woman in Poland gave birth to six babies, \u201c<strong>four of whom<\/strong>&nbsp;are girls.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rule_3_Use_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_As_the_Object_of_a_Preposition_Optional\"><\/span>Rule #3: Use &#8220;Whom&#8221; As the Object of a Preposition (Optional)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you look up what words are most often used next to \"whom,\" you'll get a list of mainly prepositions. For example, when we searched the\u00a0Corpus of Contemporary American English, we found that four of the top five words are the prepositions \"of,\" \"with,\" \"to,\" and \"for.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/08\/17135841\/image-1024x633.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This isn\u2019t a coincidence. These days, \"whom\" is almost always used as the object of a preposition. In fact,\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/455600\" target=\"_blank\">a study<\/a>\u00a0found that American college students tend to use \"whom\" after a preposition even when it was grammatically incorrect!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, we marked this rule as \"optional,\" because English speakers these days tend to separate the preposition from the object, in which case \"who\" (or no pronoun at all) sounds more natural. For example, if you wanted to express \"She's the person to whom I lent my umbrella,\" you're more likely to say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>She's the person <strong>who<\/strong> I lent my umbrella <strong>to<\/strong>. <\/li><li>She's the person I lent my umbrella <strong>to<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, if you do find yourself using the preposition next to the object, you'd use \"to whom,\" since \"to who\" sounds strange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rule_4_When_in_Doubt_Use_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Rule #4: When in Doubt, Use &#8220;Who&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In all other cases, your students are safer just using \"who.\" As the\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/guardian-observer-style-guide-w#:~:text=Use%20of,known%20better\" target=\"_blank\">style guide of\u00a0<em>The Guardian<\/em><\/a> puts it, \"If you are not sure, it is much better to use 'who' ... than to use 'whom' incorrectly for 'who.'\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a fun fact, you could mention that native speakers have been confusing \"whom\" and \"who\" for centuries. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary has examples of people misusing \u201cwhom\u201d as early as\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/c\/cme\/ACA1723.0001.001\/1:91?rgn=div1;view=fulltext#:~:text=i%20schall%20se%20both%20yow%20and%20my%20nawnt%20with%20godes%20grase%2C%20whome%20evyr%20preserve%20yow%20and%20yowrs%20for%20his%20mersy.\" target=\"_blank\">1467<\/a>. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/shakespeare.mit.edu\/tempest\/tempest.3.3.html#:~:text=young%20ferdinand%2C%20whom%20they%20suppose%20is%20drown'd\" target=\"_blank\">Shakespeare<\/a> also failed to distinguish between them too!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And because <mdspan datatext=\"el1636684814394\" class=\"mdspan-comment\">educated native speakers use \"who\" as an object all the time,<\/mdspan> standardized tests like IELTS and TOEFL don't penalize test-takers for doing this. For example, the highest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ielts.org\/-\/media\/pdfs\/speaking-band-descriptors.ashx?la=en\">score band<\/a> of the IELTS speaking test allows for \u201c\u2018slips' characteristic of native-speaker speech.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rule_5_Dont_Think_of_%E2%80%9CWhom%E2%80%9D_as_Formal_%E2%80%9CWho%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Rule #5: Don&#8217;t Think of &#8220;Whom&#8221; as Formal &#8220;Who&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Last but not least, remind your students that \"whom\" is not just a formal version of \"who.\" While it's definitely used more often in academia, journalism, and government, <mdspan datatext=\"el1636685885940\" class=\"mdspan-comment\">that doesn't mean students should replace all their \"who's\" with \"whom's\" just because they're speaking or writing formally.<\/mdspan><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, it would sound strange to say the following sayings with \"whom\" just because you're in a formal setting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-6915db6a-a44b-4a5d-81bf-fb97dc0a618b\"><li>It\u2019s not what you know. It\u2019s\u00a0<strong>who<\/strong>\u00a0you know.<\/li><li>It depends on <strong>who<\/strong> you ask.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, we found that even newspapers stick with \"who\" in these cases. We searched through top news agencies from six English-speaking countries and found that with the exception of the <em>New York Times, <\/em>all news agencies preferred \"It depends on <em>who<\/em> you ask.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.blog.engoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/09\/28081852\/image-1024x593.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>So advise students against using \"whom\" just because they are speaking formal English. <mdspan datatext=\"el1636733658351\" class=\"mdspan-comment\">They won't impress anyone <\/mdspan>and at best, they'll <a href=\"https:\/\/www.just-one-liners.com\/as-far-as-im-concerned-whom-is-a-word-that-was-invented-to-make-everyone-sound-like-a-butler\/\">sound like a butler<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%F0%9F%91%8B_Thats_It_For_Now\"><\/span>\ud83d\udc4b That&#8217;s It For Now<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We hope this post gives you an idea of how to explain \"whom\" as it's used in modern English. Here are the rules again for your convenience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Use \"whom\" in \"to whom it may concern.\"<\/li><li>Use \"whom\" in phrases like \"some of whom.\"<\/li><li>Use \"whom\" as the object of a preposition (if you want).<\/li><li>When in doubt, use \"who.\"<\/li><li>Don't think of \"whom\" as the formal version of \"who.\"<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Are there any other aspects of grammar that you need help explaining? If so, let Tutor Support know. In the meantime, happy tutoring!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English learners often don't know how to use the word \"whom.\" After all, the rules they learned about it in class don't seem to apply to the real world! So below is a new set...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":137,"featured_media":2481,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"unified_meta_tagline_field":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teaching-grammar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>When to Use (And Not Use) &quot;Whom&quot; | Engoo Tutor&#039;s Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tutor.engoo.com\/blog\/teaching-grammar\/when-to-use-and-not-use-whom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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